1919-1933: Weimar Republic
Continuity between the Empire and the Weimar Republic, which is produced by overthrow of the monarchy in November 1918 and elections to the Constituent Assembly of Germany in January 1919, is quite large. In fact, arguably the king as the sole ruler agency maintained, although in other forms: Position Reich President directly elected by the people include the authority is so great, so that people at that time was dubbed as "instead emperor" or "artificial emperor."
In moral terms did not seem cut off relations with the empire. There is no serious discussion about who is to blame for the outbreak of war, despite (or because) the error was revealed clearly in the German documents: After the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary were killed in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, the Reich leadership deliberately escalating international crisis , and thus bear the main responsibility for the outbreak of World War I. Due to the lack of discussion about the war arcing arises German legend about the innocent world toward war. Together with the so-called "dagger stab legend", (which says that the betrayal in the ground water caused the German defeat on the battlefield), legitimacy undermines the legend is part of the first German democratic state.
Who had signed peace treaty by the Germans at Versailles on June 28, 1919, felt by almost all Germans as the agreement is totally unfair. Which was considered unfair is surrender territory in several areas of Germany - especially the newly formed Poland as a country - the spoils of war are very high, the loss of the colonies and restrictions on the military field. The reason given for all these loading errors are Germany and its allies as the originator of the war. Another thing that feels unfair is the bans for Austria to join Germany. At that time the main obstacle formation of a "great German" has been lost with the collapse of the dynasty Habsburg monarchy in Austria-Hungary. Both the government of the revolution in Vienna and Berlin had already declared a willingness to both German-speaking republic was soon joined. It is believed by both parties that the suit was very popular in their respective countries.
Prohibition of merger of the two peace treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain could not prevent the re-development of the idea of "the big German." The idea was associated with a revival of the old idea of the Reich: Precisely because Germany was militarily defeated and suffered because of the impact of that loss, people easily tempted by the picture of an idealized past. Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages is not a nation state, but rather supranational with universal ideals. The legacy that is the grip of post-1918, especially for those on the right who mencitakan new role for Germany: As the power of stylists in Europe, Germany is expected to be a pioneer in the struggle against democracy in the west and east bolsyewisme.
Weimar Republic lasted only eleven years as a parliamentary democracy. Last majority government headed by Hermann Müller from the Socialist-Democratic Party, fell in late March 1930 due to disputes regarding the reform of unemployment insurance. Grand coalition which ruled until then replaced by a minority cabinet wing leader Heinrich Brüning midst of the Zentrum Party, the Catholic party. Starting mid 1930, the cabinet that runs the wheels of government with the help of emergency regulations issued by the President of the Reich, the Great Commander of the Army Paul von Hindenburg is already old. Only after Nasionalsosialis Party (NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler became the second largest party through elections to the Reichstag on 14 September 1930, the Socialist-Democratic party (SPD), which remains the largest party began to tolerate the Brüning cabinet. The move is expected to prevent further rightward shift in the Reich, while maintaining a democracy in Prussia. Who ruled in Prussia, the unit of the largest country in the Reich, at that time was the SPD together with Zentrum, the party that Brüning, and the Democratic Party that wing middle.
Since the transition to a system of emergency rule by the President, the authority of the Reichstag as a legislative organ is reduced compared to the era of constitutional monarchy in the empire. Due to the weakening of parliament, the participation of voters lose their meaning. The situation was exploited by opponents of the order of parliamentary strength from right and left.The biggest gains are picked by the NSDAP, the Nazi party. Since the Socialist-Democratic factions support Brüning, Hitler may file a motion as the only alternative to democracy in the face of all the versions of "Marxism", both bolsyewis and a reformist. Now he can be toying with two things in his appeal. The first is anti-democratic parliamentary widespread, given the political system is indeed already failed in the meantime. The second thing is the people's right of participation in the form of general suffrage and equal, as it has been assured since the Bismarck era. Political influence of such rights have been eliminated by the third presidential government under Brüning, Papen and Schleicher in the early thirties. Hitler also enjoy the greatest advantage of a crippled German democratization, namely the rapid implementation of democratic suffrage and the slow implementation of the parliamentary system of government.
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