Showing posts with label internasional relationship. Show all posts
Showing posts with label internasional relationship. Show all posts
Sunday, October 24, 2010
The functions of the Legislative Power
The functions of the Legislative Power
The legislature is a political structure whose function is to legislate.At present, the agency called the House of Representatives (Indonesia), House of Representatives (United States), or the House of Commons (UK). The institutions were selected through a mechanism of general elections held periodically and come from political parties.
Through what can we ikhtisarkan of the work of Michael G. Roskin, et.al, contained some of the functions of the legislative power as follows: Lawmaking, Constituency Work, Supervision and Critism Government, Education, and Representation.
Lawmaking is a function of making laws. In Indonesia, the law is known as the Labor Law, the Law on National Education System, Law Teachers Lecturers, Investment Law, and so forth. This law made by Parliament after considering input from the community level.
Constituency Work is a function of the legislature to work for his constituents. A member of Parliament / legislature usually represents between 100,000 s / d 400,000 people in Indnesia. Of course, the people who elected the enormous undertaking of so many people. Therefore, it is important for a legislator to carry out the mandate, which should he voiced at every opportunity when he worked as a member of the board. Weight is not it?
Supervision and Critism of Government, means the legislative function to supervise the implementation of the law by the president / prime minister, and immediately criticize it if there is a discrepancy. In performing this function, the House do so through the hearing, interpellation, questionnaire, and issued a motion to the president / prime minister.
Education is a function of the House to give a good political education to the community. Members of Parliament should set an example that they are merely representative of the people who should maintain the mandate of the electorate. They should always give an understanding to the public on how to implement a good national life. Because, almost every time the media covering their behavior, either through television screens, newspapers, or internet.
Representation, is a function of legislators to represent the voters.As already mentioned, in Indonesia, a member of the council elected by about 300,000 voters. Well, the 300,000 people he should represent its interests in the context of the country. This is based on the concept of representative democracy. Can not imagine if we applied the concept of direct democracy, the Parliament building will be crowded with 300,000 people who come every day to Senayan. I could have destroyed the building.The problem that arises is, board members are still many that are less sensitive to the interests of his constituents. This we can see from there are still many demonstrations that appear on various political issues.
Functions of the Executive Power
Executive powers to implement the laws made by the Legislature.The functions of the executive power of this outline are: Chief of State, Head of Government, Party chief, Commander in chief, chief diplomat, Dispenser of appointments, and Chief legislators.
Executives in the modern era of state is usually occupied by the President or Prime Minister. Chief of State means the head of state, so a President or Prime Minister is to a country, a symbol of a country. Whatever action a President or Prime Minister, means the action of the countries concerned. Function as the head of the country such as evidenced by leading the ceremony, the inauguration of an activity, receiving ambassadors, conflict resolution, and the like.
Head of Government, means the head of government. President or Prime Minister who perform the daily activities of the executive.For example, lifting the ministers, establishing agreements with other countries, involved in the membership of an international institution, signed promissory notes and payment of donors, and the like. Within each country, sometimes occur separation between the functions of head of state with the head of government.
In the UK, heads of state held by the Queen of England, as well as in Japan. In both countries the heads of government held by the Prime Minister. In Indonesia or the United States, heads of state and heads of government held by the President.
Party Chief means a chief executive is also a head of a party that wins the election. Function as the chairman of this party is more prominent in a country which adopts a parliamentary government.In the parliamentary system, the head of government held by the prime minister from the party that wins the election.
However, in countries following the presidential system of government sometimes do not apply such rigid. In the reign of Gus Dur (in Indonesia) demonstrate this. Gus Dur is derived from the party that won only 9% of votes in the 1999 elections, but he became president. In addition, the system of parliamentary government, there is a very strong relationship between executive and legislature by an executive selected because of the composition of the party vote in the election results. In the presidential system, elections to choose members of the council and to elect the president separately.
Commander in Chief is a function of head of the armed forces.President or prime minister is the supreme head of the armed forces. A president or prime minister, despite having no military background have this role. However, sometimes there is friction with the military if the president or prime minister is a person rather than the military.
Once again, this never happened in the era of Gus Dur, where many of the instructions to the military ignored the latter, especially in the sectarian riots (religion) that frequently occur in his administration.
Chief Diplomat, is a function of the executive to head the ambassadors who spread the representatives of countries around the world. In politics John Locke's triad of thought, embodied federative power, the power to establish relations with other countries. Similarly, in the context of the current application of executive power. The Executive is a party that raised ambassador to operate in friendly countries, also received ambassadors from other countries.
Dispenser of Appointment is a function of the executive to sign a treaty with another nation or international institution. In this function, the signatories made by presidents, foreign ministers, cabinet members or others, who are appointed by the president or prime minister.
Chief Legislation, is the executive function to promote the publication of a law. Although the power to make laws in the hands of the House, but within the state system allowed the executive to promote the publication of a law so the real challenge in the implementation of a law can be easily found by those who daily carry out the law.
Judiciary Power Functions
The judicial authorities the power to interpret the contents of the law and impose sanctions for any violation of it. Judiciary functions that can be specified into the list of legal issues the following: Criminal law (petty offense, misdemeanor, felonies); Civil law (marriage, divorce, inheritance, child care); Constitution law (the problem of interpretation seputan kontitusi); Administrative law (the law governing the administration of the state); International law (international treaties).
* Criminal Law completion usually held by a criminal court in Indonesia are tiered, the District Court (the district), the High Court (at the provincial level, and the Supreme Court (national level).
* Civil law is usually resolved in the District Court, but especially Muslims usually held by a religious court.
* Constitution Law is now the solution is occupied by the Constitutional Court. If individuals, groups, questioned the state institutions of a law or decision, made efforts to settle disputes in the Constitutional Court.
* Administrative Law dispute shall be settled in the State Administrative Court, usually land dispute cases, certification, and the like. Meanwhile,
* International Law is not resolved by the judiciary under the control of a country but on behalf of the United Nations (UN).
Trias Politica, john Locke
John Locke (1632-1704)
Thinking about the Trias Politica John Locke is in the Magnum Opus (great work) which he wrote and titled Two treatises of Government, published in 1690. In his work, Locke said that the basic nature of man is "to work (change of nature with his own sweat)" and "has the property (property)." Therefore, both countries should be able to protect people who work and also to protect the property of each person who obtained based on the results of such work. Why Locke wrote this work in such important issues?
In times when Locke's life, belongs to everyone, especially the aristocracy, are in a vulnerable position when faced with the king.Often king arbitrarily acquired belonged to the nobility on the pretext of a wide range. Therefore, not surprisingly, the nobility sometimes make war with the king because persengkataan this property, such as livestock, land, and the castle.
State exists with the primary purpose of protecting private property from attacks other individuals, so the purpose of Locke's version.To meet these objectives, the need for separate power, power that is not solely in the hands of a king / queen. According to Locke, who had separated powers are legislative, executive and federative
Legislative power is the power to make laws. The important thing to be made in the legislation is that people want to peacefully enjoy his property. For the situation of 'peace' would need to rise laws that govern them. However, for John Locke, the people who meant the general public but not the nobility. The common people do not fall within this community structure is defended by him. People's version of Locke's representative is the representative of the nobility to deal with the king / queen of England.
The Executive is the power to carry out the mandate of the law. In this case the executive power in the hands of the king / queen of England. The nobility did not implement their own laws they make, but delivered into the hands of the king / queen.
Federative power relationships are with countries or other kingdoms. This power is similar to the State Department today.This power, among others, to build a league of war, foreign policy alliances, declare war and peace, the appointment of ambassadors, and the like. This power because of reasons of practicality, submitted to the king / queen of England, as the executive power.
From John Locke's political thought can be drawn one conclusion, that the power split of 3, 2 are in the hands of the king / queen and 1 was in the hands of the nobility. Locke's thinking was not fully in accordance with the understanding Trias Politica in the present.Thought Locke then disempurkan by French colleagues, Montesquieu.
Thinking about the Trias Politica John Locke is in the Magnum Opus (great work) which he wrote and titled Two treatises of Government, published in 1690. In his work, Locke said that the basic nature of man is "to work (change of nature with his own sweat)" and "has the property (property)." Therefore, both countries should be able to protect people who work and also to protect the property of each person who obtained based on the results of such work. Why Locke wrote this work in such important issues?
In times when Locke's life, belongs to everyone, especially the aristocracy, are in a vulnerable position when faced with the king.Often king arbitrarily acquired belonged to the nobility on the pretext of a wide range. Therefore, not surprisingly, the nobility sometimes make war with the king because persengkataan this property, such as livestock, land, and the castle.
State exists with the primary purpose of protecting private property from attacks other individuals, so the purpose of Locke's version.To meet these objectives, the need for separate power, power that is not solely in the hands of a king / queen. According to Locke, who had separated powers are legislative, executive and federative
Legislative power is the power to make laws. The important thing to be made in the legislation is that people want to peacefully enjoy his property. For the situation of 'peace' would need to rise laws that govern them. However, for John Locke, the people who meant the general public but not the nobility. The common people do not fall within this community structure is defended by him. People's version of Locke's representative is the representative of the nobility to deal with the king / queen of England.
The Executive is the power to carry out the mandate of the law. In this case the executive power in the hands of the king / queen of England. The nobility did not implement their own laws they make, but delivered into the hands of the king / queen.
Federative power relationships are with countries or other kingdoms. This power is similar to the State Department today.This power, among others, to build a league of war, foreign policy alliances, declare war and peace, the appointment of ambassadors, and the like. This power because of reasons of practicality, submitted to the king / queen of England, as the executive power.
From John Locke's political thought can be drawn one conclusion, that the power split of 3, 2 are in the hands of the king / queen and 1 was in the hands of the nobility. Locke's thinking was not fully in accordance with the understanding Trias Politica in the present.Thought Locke then disempurkan by French colleagues, Montesquieu.
Sunday, October 10, 2010
Classical liberal economic system
The economic system is a classical liberal economics and political philosophy. At first discovered in a tradition of lighting or waivers that are limiting the boundaries of power and political power, which describes the sustaining freedom individu.Theory also be freeing the individual to act as they pleased according to their self-interest and allow all individuals to do the job without restrictions that will be required to produce the best results, which cateris paribus, or in other words, presents an object with a minimum limit can be attractive and liked by the public (consumers).
Sensible line of liberal economics has never been practiced by the schools in Austria with the form of an open democratic society. Understand liberali mostly used by countries in continental Europe and America. Just as in the UNITED STATES, recognizable liberal leftism as mild estabilished.
About the liberal economic
Liberal economic characteristics
* All sources of production are owned by individual communities.
* Society has given freedom in production resources.
* The government does not intervene directly in economic activities.
* Community is divided into two groups, namely group owner of productive resources and community workers (laborers).
* Incurred competition in society, especially in making profit.
* Activities are always considering the market situation.
* The market economy is the basis for any action.
* Usually the goods produced high-quality production.
Advantages and disadvantages of a liberal economy
Profit
There are several advantages of a liberal economic system, namely:
* Grow initiative and the creation of society in regulating economic activity, because people no longer need to wait for a command / command from the government.
* Each individual has free resources for production, which will encourage community participation in the economy.
* Incurred competition to get ahead of community spirit.
* Produce high-quality goods, because of the spirit of competition between communities.
* Efficiency and effectiveness is high, because every action is based economy motive for profit.
Weakness
In addition there are advantages, there are also some weaknesses rather than a liberal economic system, are:
* The occurrence of free competition that is not healthy.
* Community-rich getting richer, the poor poorer.
* Many of the public monopoly.
* A lot of upheaval in the economy due to misallocation of resources by individuals.
* Equity income is difficult, because the competition is free.
Application of liberal economics
America
Countries that embrace liberal in the American continent is the United States, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Canada, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Venezuela Paraguay.Uruguay. Today, less than liberalism also danut by country Aruba, Dominican Republic, Greenland, Grenada, Costa Rica, and Suriname
United States
Liberal in the United States (U.S.) called modern liberalism or the new liberalism. Now the political in the U.S. to admit, that the understanding of classical liberalism is related to a broad range of individual freedom. But they reject the laissez faire economic nature or classical liberalism that led to the unification of government interventionism in the form of social and economic equality. Generally, it was agreed during the first decade of the 20th century that the goal of achieving a political hegemony in negeri.Tapi, success begins to degenerate and disappear in about tahun1970's. At that time the liberal consensus has been faced with a death-blow or a form of collapse of the Bretton Woods system of government is due to Ronald Reagan's victory in the presidential election of 1980, which makes liberalism a strong current in U.S. politics in that year.
U.S. liberalism began to rise at the beginning of the 20th century as an alternative to real politics, which is the dominant interaction imternasional at that time. President Franklin Roosevelt who at the time was a sensible self-proclaimed liberal, offers the nation toward a new success by building a collaborative institution that berpendukungan American people themselves and promised to pull the U.S. out of the huge pressure. To anticipate the end of World War II, Roosevelt designed the (UN) as an instrument of hope for mutual cooperation rather than making war threats and the use of force to solve international political problems. Roosevelt also used the agency (UN) to enter the African people who live in America into the U.S. military as well as make the agency the right support and the truth of the women, as the emphasis on individual freedom which in turn followed by President John F. Kennedy to the construction of the statue Liberty (1964) as a symbol of individual freedom to live.
Statue of Liberty in New York, as a symbol of individual freedom
Actually, liberalism adopted by the United States, as emphasized by Wilson and Roosevelt is by emphasizing cooperation and mutual collaboration and individual effort, not by making threats and coercion as to solving political problems both inside and outside, apparently embraced by the current U.S. president This, George w Bush. A liberal in the U.S. it might be like political institutions and procedures that encourage economic freedom, protecting the weak from aggression by the powerful, and freedom from social norms are limiting. Because since World War II, liberalism in the U.S. have been associated with modern liberalism, classical liberalism ideology substitutes understand.
Europe
As action and reaction of the opposition of communism, Europe make a political understanding which berterminologi (including "socialism" and "social democracy"). But, they can not choose the United States with pahamnya it, because at that time Europe has not so familiar with liberalism adopted by the U.S.. But several years later before Europe realizes that liberalism embraced by the U.S.. That prompted Europe to a separate individual freedom that ultimately improve their own economic circumstances. Liberalism in Europe has a strong tradition. In European countries, liberals tend to call themselves as liberals, or as a democratic radical centrists.
Saxon countries such as liberal namely Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bilgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, and others.
Asia
Countries that embrace liberal in Asia include India, Iran, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Thailand and Turkey. Today many countries in Asia that began sensible liberal, include Hong Kong and Singapore.Kepulanan Oceania
State adopts liberal in the islands of Oceania is Australia and New Zealand.
Africa
Liberal economic system is still relatively new in Africa. Basically, liberalism only embraced by those who lived in Egypt, Senegal and South Africa.
People of liberal inventor
Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli (Florence, 1469-1527), is a character best known for its liberal views, Il Principe. He is the founder of realist political philosophy that supports the government of the Republic, the state army, division of power, protection of personal property, and restraining government spending as the freedom of a republic. He wrote extensively on the needs of individuals as an important characteristic as a stable government. He argued that the best individual freedom still needs to be protected by the government. And that people who can lead the law correctly only people who are all ambition and selfishness can be eliminated in maintaining the freedom of its own. He argues that realism is the central idea of the political class and give priority to freedom of the republic (individuals) under the principle.
Anti-static liberals see the main messages of Machiavelli's say that he was speaking on behalf of a strong state under a strong leader, who uses any intention to establish its position, while liberalism is an ideology of individual freedom and voluntary choices or optional. Some of her work is Il Principe and the Discorsi Sopra la -1513 Prima Deca di Tito Livio, 1512-1517.
Desiderius Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus (Dutch, 1466-1536) was a prominent liberal who is known as being inhumane. He said that the community Erasmusian across Europe to some extent in response to the upheavals of reform. He is dealing with freedom of wills. In his De Libero Arbitrio Collatio Diatribe Sive (1524), he studied with the ingenuity and genius to remove the limitations of life as a statement of human freedom. Some of her work LOF d Zotheid, 1509 and De Libero Arbitrio Collatio Diatribe Sive, 1524.
Sensible line of liberal economics has never been practiced by the schools in Austria with the form of an open democratic society. Understand liberali mostly used by countries in continental Europe and America. Just as in the UNITED STATES, recognizable liberal leftism as mild estabilished.
About the liberal economic
Liberal economic characteristics
* All sources of production are owned by individual communities.
* Society has given freedom in production resources.
* The government does not intervene directly in economic activities.
* Community is divided into two groups, namely group owner of productive resources and community workers (laborers).
* Incurred competition in society, especially in making profit.
* Activities are always considering the market situation.
* The market economy is the basis for any action.
* Usually the goods produced high-quality production.
Advantages and disadvantages of a liberal economy
Profit
There are several advantages of a liberal economic system, namely:
* Grow initiative and the creation of society in regulating economic activity, because people no longer need to wait for a command / command from the government.
* Each individual has free resources for production, which will encourage community participation in the economy.
* Incurred competition to get ahead of community spirit.
* Produce high-quality goods, because of the spirit of competition between communities.
* Efficiency and effectiveness is high, because every action is based economy motive for profit.
Weakness
In addition there are advantages, there are also some weaknesses rather than a liberal economic system, are:
* The occurrence of free competition that is not healthy.
* Community-rich getting richer, the poor poorer.
* Many of the public monopoly.
* A lot of upheaval in the economy due to misallocation of resources by individuals.
* Equity income is difficult, because the competition is free.
Application of liberal economics
America
Countries that embrace liberal in the American continent is the United States, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Canada, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Venezuela Paraguay.Uruguay. Today, less than liberalism also danut by country Aruba, Dominican Republic, Greenland, Grenada, Costa Rica, and Suriname
United States
Liberal in the United States (U.S.) called modern liberalism or the new liberalism. Now the political in the U.S. to admit, that the understanding of classical liberalism is related to a broad range of individual freedom. But they reject the laissez faire economic nature or classical liberalism that led to the unification of government interventionism in the form of social and economic equality. Generally, it was agreed during the first decade of the 20th century that the goal of achieving a political hegemony in negeri.Tapi, success begins to degenerate and disappear in about tahun1970's. At that time the liberal consensus has been faced with a death-blow or a form of collapse of the Bretton Woods system of government is due to Ronald Reagan's victory in the presidential election of 1980, which makes liberalism a strong current in U.S. politics in that year.
U.S. liberalism began to rise at the beginning of the 20th century as an alternative to real politics, which is the dominant interaction imternasional at that time. President Franklin Roosevelt who at the time was a sensible self-proclaimed liberal, offers the nation toward a new success by building a collaborative institution that berpendukungan American people themselves and promised to pull the U.S. out of the huge pressure. To anticipate the end of World War II, Roosevelt designed the (UN) as an instrument of hope for mutual cooperation rather than making war threats and the use of force to solve international political problems. Roosevelt also used the agency (UN) to enter the African people who live in America into the U.S. military as well as make the agency the right support and the truth of the women, as the emphasis on individual freedom which in turn followed by President John F. Kennedy to the construction of the statue Liberty (1964) as a symbol of individual freedom to live.
Statue of Liberty in New York, as a symbol of individual freedom
Actually, liberalism adopted by the United States, as emphasized by Wilson and Roosevelt is by emphasizing cooperation and mutual collaboration and individual effort, not by making threats and coercion as to solving political problems both inside and outside, apparently embraced by the current U.S. president This, George w Bush. A liberal in the U.S. it might be like political institutions and procedures that encourage economic freedom, protecting the weak from aggression by the powerful, and freedom from social norms are limiting. Because since World War II, liberalism in the U.S. have been associated with modern liberalism, classical liberalism ideology substitutes understand.
Europe
As action and reaction of the opposition of communism, Europe make a political understanding which berterminologi (including "socialism" and "social democracy"). But, they can not choose the United States with pahamnya it, because at that time Europe has not so familiar with liberalism adopted by the U.S.. But several years later before Europe realizes that liberalism embraced by the U.S.. That prompted Europe to a separate individual freedom that ultimately improve their own economic circumstances. Liberalism in Europe has a strong tradition. In European countries, liberals tend to call themselves as liberals, or as a democratic radical centrists.
Saxon countries such as liberal namely Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bilgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, and others.
Asia
Countries that embrace liberal in Asia include India, Iran, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Thailand and Turkey. Today many countries in Asia that began sensible liberal, include Hong Kong and Singapore.Kepulanan Oceania
State adopts liberal in the islands of Oceania is Australia and New Zealand.
Africa
Liberal economic system is still relatively new in Africa. Basically, liberalism only embraced by those who lived in Egypt, Senegal and South Africa.
People of liberal inventor
Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli (Florence, 1469-1527), is a character best known for its liberal views, Il Principe. He is the founder of realist political philosophy that supports the government of the Republic, the state army, division of power, protection of personal property, and restraining government spending as the freedom of a republic. He wrote extensively on the needs of individuals as an important characteristic as a stable government. He argued that the best individual freedom still needs to be protected by the government. And that people who can lead the law correctly only people who are all ambition and selfishness can be eliminated in maintaining the freedom of its own. He argues that realism is the central idea of the political class and give priority to freedom of the republic (individuals) under the principle.
Anti-static liberals see the main messages of Machiavelli's say that he was speaking on behalf of a strong state under a strong leader, who uses any intention to establish its position, while liberalism is an ideology of individual freedom and voluntary choices or optional. Some of her work is Il Principe and the Discorsi Sopra la -1513 Prima Deca di Tito Livio, 1512-1517.
Desiderius Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus (Dutch, 1466-1536) was a prominent liberal who is known as being inhumane. He said that the community Erasmusian across Europe to some extent in response to the upheavals of reform. He is dealing with freedom of wills. In his De Libero Arbitrio Collatio Diatribe Sive (1524), he studied with the ingenuity and genius to remove the limitations of life as a statement of human freedom. Some of her work LOF d Zotheid, 1509 and De Libero Arbitrio Collatio Diatribe Sive, 1524.
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